Health Library

The information on this page is for general educational purposes only. It does not replace a clinical consultation. For symptoms, treatment decisions or medical advice specific to your situation, consult a qualified doctor.

Understanding bone, joint, muscle and ligament problems — and when to seek clinical evaluation.

When should you see an orthopaedic doctor for joint or bone pain?

Consider an orthopaedic consultation when pain persists beyond a few weeks, returns repeatedly, follows an injury, limits walking or daily activities, is associated with swelling, deformity or weakness, or when over-the-counter treatment has not helped. Sudden severe pain or pain after trauma needs prompt attention.

What is the difference between a fracture and a break?

A fracture and a break are the same thing medically. Both describe a crack or complete separation in a bone. Fractures vary from hairline cracks to complex breaks requiring surgical repair. Treatment depends on the location, type and stability of the fracture.

When is knee replacement considered?

Knee replacement is typically considered for patients with advanced joint degeneration, significant functional limitation, severe pain affecting daily life, or when conservative treatments such as medication, physiotherapy and injections have not provided adequate relief. The decision follows thorough clinical examination and imaging. Not every knee problem requires replacement.

Back pain, neck pain and nerve-related symptoms explained clearly.

What is the difference between back pain and sciatica?

Back pain refers broadly to pain in the lower back and may have many causes including muscle strain, disc problems or joint wear. Sciatica specifically refers to pain that travels along the path of the sciatic nerve — from the lower back through the buttock and down one or both legs. Sciatica is usually caused by compression or irritation of a spinal nerve root, commonly from a slipped disc.

What is a slipped disc?

A slipped disc (also called a herniated or prolapsed disc) occurs when the soft inner material of a spinal disc pushes through the outer layer and may press on nearby nerves. This can cause back pain, leg pain, numbness or weakness. Many slipped discs improve with conservative treatment, but some require specialist evaluation.

When does back pain require urgent medical attention?

Seek urgent care for back pain associated with loss of bladder or bowel control, severe weakness in the legs, pain following significant trauma, unexplained fever, or severe pain that is not relieved by rest or position change. These may indicate a more serious condition.

Obstetrics, gynaecology and reproductive health — plain-language explanations.

Why are regular antenatal check-ups important during pregnancy?

Regular antenatal consultations allow the doctor to monitor the health of both mother and baby, identify potential complications early, track foetal growth, manage any existing health conditions, and provide guidance on nutrition, activity and preparation for delivery. The frequency and content of check-ups varies based on individual health and risk factors.

What is a hysteroscopy?

Hysteroscopy is a procedure in which a doctor examines the inside of the uterus using a thin, flexible instrument with a camera. It may be used to investigate the cause of abnormal bleeding, identify polyps or fibroids, or evaluate other uterine concerns. It can also be used to perform certain treatments. A consultation is required to determine whether hysteroscopy is appropriate.

What is colposcopy and why is it recommended?

Colposcopy is a closer examination of the cervix using a specialised magnifying instrument. It is usually recommended after an abnormal cervical screening result to look more carefully at the cervix and, if needed, take a small tissue sample. Colposcopy itself is not a treatment — it is a diagnostic step to help decide on the next course of action.

What to expect after surgery, injury or a period of reduced mobility.

What is physiotherapy and when is it used?

Physiotherapy involves exercises, movement guidance and hands-on techniques to help restore function, reduce pain and improve mobility. It is commonly used after orthopaedic surgery, fractures, joint replacement, injuries and periods of limited movement. The right programme depends on the specific condition and stage of recovery.

How long does recovery take after joint replacement?

Recovery duration varies significantly between patients and depends on factors such as age, overall health, the specific joint replaced, and adherence to physiotherapy. Early mobilisation, regular exercises and follow-up appointments are important. Your surgeon and physiotherapy team will guide the expected timeline for your specific situation.